Palmer's group engineers genetically encoded fluorescent (FRET and single-FP) biosensors to visualize and quantify metal ions (Zn, Ca, Cu), signaling, and host-pathogen interactions in living cells, and develops RNA-imaging aptamer platforms and optically integrated microfluidics for probe optimization. For context, this complements the established paradigm of NV-diamond ensemble magnetometry (Hahn-echo/DEER, nanoscale NMR, T1 relaxometry) operating near pT/√Hz sensitivity.